PlantaeHighest rank in taxonomy. Groups all life into domains: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, etc.IUCN LCInternational Union for Conservation of Nature — the world authority on species extinction risk, using standardized criteria. — Least Concern — widespread and abundant; not at immediate risk of extinction.In ProgressCurrent stage of this record in the editorial review workflow. Recent Sighting
Virola koschnyi
Banak / Golden Fruit
Warb., 1905
Detailed Texts Multi-lang
The golden fruit tree (Virola koschnyi) is a majestic canopy tree belonging to the Myristicaceae family (the same as nutmeg). It is distinguished by its exceptionally straight and cylindrical bole, which can reach heights of 35 to 40 meters (115-130 feet), with a horizontal and whorled branching architecture that gives it a pyramidal crown in its youth. Its bark is dark brown and, when injured, emits a reddish-oxidized sap similar to blood, a characteristic that gives it several of its common names. The leaves are simple, alternate, and leathery, with an underside often covered by ferruginous pubescence. It produces tiny, yellowish flowers, but its most iconic feature is the fruit: an ovoid capsule that, when ripe, opens into two valves to reveal a shiny black seed wrapped in a fleshy, branched, bright red aril (mace). It is a keystone species in the wet forest dynamics of Central America.
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TaxonomyBiological classification ranks placing this species within the tree of life, from Kingdom down to Genus.
PhylumRank below Kingdom. Groups organisms sharing a fundamental body plan (e.g., Chordata = vertebrates and some invertebrates).Tracheophyta
ClassRank below Phylum. Subdivides by structural traits (e.g., Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Insecta).Magnoliopsida
OrderRank below Class. Groups related families sharing common ancestry (e.g., Carnivora, Primates).Magnoliales
FamilyRank below Order. Groups closely related genera (e.g., Felidae = cats, Canidae = dogs).Myristicaceae
GenusRank just above Species. The first word in the two-part binomial scientific name.Virola
Taxonomic AuthorityThe scientist who first formally described and published this species, followed by the year of publication.Warb., 1905
Record Completeness
95%Coming soon
Ecology & StatusHow this species lives: habitat preferences, diet, behavior, population status, and role in its ecosystem.
OriginWhether the species is native (evolved here), endemic (found only here), or introduced by human activity.
Native
Population TrendDirection of change in population size over time: increasing, stable, decreasing, or unknown.
Decreasing
Trophic RolePosition in the food chain: producer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, or parasite.
Omnivore
Growth HabitPhysical form and structure of the plant: tree, shrub, herb, vine, epiphyte, aquatic, etc.
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Leaf TypeLeaf characteristics: deciduous (seasonal shed), evergreen, simple, compound, needle-like, etc.
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Flowering SeasonTime of year when this species typically reproduces or flowers.
Year Round
Recent SightingsWhether this species has been observed in the wild in Costa Rica within recent years.
Yes
Habitat SummaryOverview of the specific ecosystems and environments where this species is found in Costa Rica. Multi-lang
It thrives in tropical wet lowland forests, generally from sea level up to 800 meters (2,600 feet) in altitude. It prefers deep, well-drained soils rich in organic matter, although it tolerates conditions of high cloudiness and constant precipitation. In Costa Rica, it is a vital component of the upper forest layer in the Caribbean Slope and the Northern Zone, forming part of the dominant canopy alongside species like the Gavilan tree.Light & Water NeedsSunlight intensity and moisture levels this plant needs to grow and reproduce successfully. Multi-lang
Information not available in English. Help us expand this record!BehaviourDaily activity patterns, movement, territory use, foraging style, and seasonal behavioral changes. Multi-lang
It is a keystone species for birdlife. Its fruits attract large dispersers such as toucans and crested guans, who swallow the fruit whole for its nutritious red aril. The protected seed is regurgitated or defecated intact, allowing for long-distance dispersal. It is a dioecious tree, meaning it requires the nearby presence of both male and female individuals for effective reproduction, a critical factor in its conservation.Toxicity / UsesToxic compounds present and their documented effects on humans or other organisms. Multi-lang
Information not available in English. Help us expand this record!Physical Measures
Length (cm)
1200.0 - 4000.0 cm
Reproductive StructuresFlowers, fruits, and seeds — the reproductive organs and their seasonal appearance.
Flower Photos (Max 2)
No imageFruit Photos (Max 2)
No imageEvolutionary AdaptationsInherited traits and behaviors that improve the species' survival and reproduction in its specific environment. Multi-lang
Horizontal whorl architecture: Banak exhibits a growth model (Massart's model) where lateral branches grow in well-defined horizontal tiers. This arrangement allows the young tree to capture the maximum amount of diffuse light in the shady understory before reaching the full canopy, optimizing its photosynthetic efficiency.
Antiseptic and defensive sap: The reddish resin rich in tannins and phenols that flows from its bark acts as a rapid sealant for wounds. This 'blood' not only deters boring insects due to its bitter taste and chemical properties but also prevents the colonization of pathogenic fungi in the extremely humid environment of the rainforest.
Main ThreatsDocumented pressures reducing the population: habitat loss, hunting, disease, climate change, and invasive species. Multi-lang
Intensive logging: Due to its straight trunk and easy-to-work wood (used for plywood, moldings, and boxes), Banak has been subject to massive selective extraction. The loss of large individuals affects seed availability and the structure of the upper canopy.
Interesting FactsSurprising or notable facts that highlight what makes this species unique or ecologically important. Multi-lang
The tree that bleeds: The name 'Dragon's Blood' or 'Blood tree' is due to the spectacular chemical reaction of its resin. When the bark is cut, the liquid comes out clear but oxidizes almost instantaneously upon contact with air, turning a deep blood-red color that has been used by indigenous cultures for medicinal purposes.